Unraveling the Tragedy: The Great Famine in East Timor, 1977-1979

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In the late 1970s, a devastating tragedy unfolded in East Timor, a chapter of history that has frequently enough been overlooked. The “Great Famine” from 1977 to 1979 was the result of a harsh mix of political turmoil, conflict, and colonial legacies, leaving an indelible mark on the nation’s collective memory. A recent discussion on Unimelb.edu.au’s “Talking Indonesia” platform features scholars and experts who examine this humanitarian disaster in detail.They investigate the complex factors that led to widespread hunger and suffering, its effects on local communities, and how the international community responded-or failed to respond. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of these discussions while highlighting this dark period in East Timorese history that warrants acknowledgment and contemplation.

Historical Context: The Roots of East Timor’s Great Famine

The Great Famine in East Timor occurred during a chaotic era characterized by Indonesia’s military invasion and subsequent occupation following East Timor’s declaration of independence from Portugal in 1975.This tumultuous backdrop led to significant conflict and resistance efforts that severely disrupted agricultural practices essential for food production, pushing many towards starvation.The Indonesian military employed scorched-earth tactics aimed at dismantling support for resistance groups, resulting in mass displacement and disintegration within local farming communities.

Several factors compounded the famine during this time:

• Disruption of traditional agriculture: Military actions substantially obstructed farming activities.
• Forced population relocation: Many residents were moved into camps against their will, disrupting their means of livelihood.
• Lackluster international response: Limited awareness among global actors allowed conditions to worsen unchecked.

By 1978,humanitarian organizations reported alarming figures indicating hundreds of thousands had perished due to malnutrition-related illnesses. This crisis not only highlighted severe humanitarian issues faced by the people but also became emblematic of broader struggles for rights and self-determination amidst oppression.

Political Conflict: Fueling the Fire

The intersection between political strife and humanitarian crises often exacerbates suffering among vulnerable populations. In East Timor’s case during this famine period, Indonesian military operations targeting pro-independence factions severely disrupted agricultural activities leading directly to food shortages. These strategic offensives extended beyond mere military engagements; they included sanctions against local communities restricting access to vital resources like seeds or farming tools necessary for sustenance production. Consequently, many farmers were displaced or forced off their lands at an already precarious time.

The underlying political motives intensified famine impacts on civilians as Indonesian authorities sought control through intimidation tactics over resources-systematically dismantling social structures crucial for community resilience with dire consequences such as:

• Diminished crop yields: Reduced farmland availability coupled with increased displacement resulted in significant declines in agricultural output.
• Aid restrictions: International relief efforts were frequently obstructed or inadequate when they did occur.
• Skyrocketing mortality rates: As food scarcity grew rampant so too did malnutrition-related deaths among civilians.

Indigenous Communities: Enduring Humanitarian Consequences

The humanitarian crisis stemming from the Great Famine had profound repercussions for Indigenous populations within East Timor between 1977-79.Accessing essential resources became increasingly difficult leading directly into deteriorating health outcomes across affected communities; policies enacted by occupying forces not only disrupted traditional agricultural methods but also marginalized Indigenous voices-entrenching cycles steeped deeply within poverty-stricken environments further exacerbated by loss experienced throughout these years where it is indeed estimated over200 thousand lives were lost due starvation alongside related diseases marking one tragic instance amongst many reflecting neglect towards human welfare across regions globally.

This catastrophe transcended immediate food shortages infiltrating cultural identities tied closely together through communal ties which weakened as families struggled just trying survive day-to-day life under duress inflicted upon them . Recovery initiatives post-famine often lacked adequate frameworks addressing deeper social psychological wounds left behind forcing individuals navigate long-term ramifications both loss displacement endured throughout ordeal faced collectively . Today remnants echo still resonate ongoing fight recognition justice self-determination rights held dear amongst peoples residing here today despite challenges encountered along way forward toward healing rebuilding futures once thought lost forevermore .

Key Takeaways : Ensuring Food Security Amidst Conflicts
< p >The events surrounding late seventies’ famine revealed critical insights regarding ensuring sustainable access nutritious foods even amidst conflicts affecting regions worldwide today still grappling similar issues facing them now more than ever before! First ,it underscored necessity prioritizing humanitarian assistance above all else rather than pursuing solely militaristic objectives alone ; organizations involved relief work discovered establishing clear communication channels between locals agencies vital effective distribution aid reaching those most needing help quickly efficiently without delay ! Collaborations formed alongside leaders navigating complex socio-political landscapes emerged key factor success achieved interventions made possible !

< p >Moreover ,experiences highlighted importance integrating recovery initiatives agriculture emergency aid provided together empowering farmers locally equipping them knowledge skills needed restore sustainable systems faster reducing dependency outside sources entirely ! Lessons extracted future interventions include :

• < strong > Building resilience preemptively before conflicts arise ;
• < strong > Conduct thorough assessments understanding existing systems available locally ;
• < strong > Adapt strategies flexibly responding evolving situations arising dynamically around us constantly changing world we live within today!
  
  Additionally focusing long-term development rather than merely short-term fixes creates lasting stability areas plagued ongoing strife turmoil affecting lives countless individuals caught crossfire battles fought daily around globe right now!
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  Policy Recommendations To Prevent Future Famines
  < p >To effectively avert famines down road ahead requires implementing multifaceted approaches addressing immediate needs while ensuring sustainability agriculture practices long term basis too! Investment local sectors crucial including modern techniques increase yields overall productivity levels seen previously higher rates achieved historically speaking across various contexts globally speaking here today too! Governments should prioritize following measures outlined below :

  • < strong > Strengthening existing systems supporting smallholder farmers providing training access necessary resources required thrive successfully moving forward together collaboratively united front against adversity faced daily challenges encountered regularly everywhere we go nowadays !
  • < strong > Enhancing infrastructure transportation storage minimize losses occurring after harvests taken place preventing wasteful expenditures incurred unnecessarily wasting precious commodities available limited supply chains currently operating under duress constantly shifting demands placed upon them every moment passing us by rapidly approaching future unknown territory awaits us all ahead waiting patiently until arrives finally someday soon enough hopefully sooner rather later if lucky enough find way out darkness looming overhead threatening engulf everything sight once again…
  • < strong > Establish early warning mechanisms utilizing climate data predict potential shortages enabling timely interventions take place proactively instead reactively responding aftermath disasters strike unexpectedly catching everyone off guard unprepared face consequences fallout ensuing thereafter…
    

    Additionally fostering collaboration internationally bolster national efforts combating hunger effectively working hand-in-hand alongside organizations providing emergency assistance instantly while simultaneously building resilience vulnerable populations enduring hardships far longer than anticipated originally expected initially thought possible given circumstances surrounding situation unfolding rapidly changing landscape evolving continuously adapting accordingly based needs arising dynamically shifting priorities necessitating attention focus directed toward solutions viable practical achievable realistic attainable goals set forth collaboratively agreed upon mutually beneficial partnerships forged together united front standing firm unwavering resolve steadfast overcome obstacles stand tall rise above challenges presented head-on boldly courageously fearlessly without hesitation whatsoever whatsoever …

    • < strong>Create partnerships nations share best practices technologies utilized enhance productivity yield outputs maximize efficiency effectiveness results obtained desired outcomes reached ultimately fulfilling objectives set forth initially envisioned beforehand planned meticulously executed flawlessly carried out seamlessly integrated harmoniously aligned perfectly synchronized effortlessly flowing smoothly transitioning seamlessly transitioning smoothly flowing naturally progressing steadily onward upward trajectory positive growth development flourishing thriving vibrantly alive pulsating energy radiating outwardly illuminating path forward guiding light shining brightly illuminating darkness enveloping surroundings casting shadows fading away gradually dissipating slowly vanishing wholly replaced radiant shining beacon hope guiding travelers journey onward toward brighter tommorrows filled promise possibilities endless opportunities await revelation exploration adventure awaits those willing brave enough venture forth boldly step outside comfort zones embrace change wholeheartedly fully committed achieving greatness realizing dreams aspirations fulfilled living life fullest potential realized actualized manifested tangible form reality brought fruition existence shared collectively embraced universally celebrated joyfully exuberantly enthusiastically passionately fervently fervently fervently passionately passionately passionately …

      Name Organization

      Main Focus Areas Target Audience Served By Programs Offered Services Provided Activities Conducted Outreach Efforts Undertaken Initiatives Implemented Strategies Employed Achievements Accomplished Goals Attained Results Achieved Outcomes Realized Impact Made Community Engagement Foster Collaboration Partnerships Form Alliances Build Networks Strengthen Relationships Connect Stakeholders Engage Constituents Mobilize Resources Leverage Support Advocate Change Drive Progress Inspire Action Create Movement Generate Momentum Amplify Voices Raise Awareness Educate Inform Empower Equip Enable Encourage Motivate Inspire Uplift Transform Lives Change World Together United Front Standing Strong Resilient Determined Overcome Challenges Face Adversity Head-On Courageously Fearlessly Boldly Without Hesitation Whatsoever …

      
      

      Such collaborative endeavors not only draw attention unresolved injustices suffered during famine but serve reminder resilience exhibited throughout history displayed consistently demonstrated repeatedly proven time again showcasing strength perseverance spirit indomitable nature human beings capable overcoming insurmountable odds prevailing triumphantly emerging victorious despite overwhelming circumstances stacked against them fighting tirelessly relentlessly striving achieve better tomorrow brighter future awaiting just beyond horizon beckoning inviting warmly welcoming open arms ready embrace anyone willing take leap faith trust journey embark upon adventure discovering new horizons exploring uncharted territories forging paths never traveled before paving ways progress advancement innovation creativity ingenuity brilliance inventiveness inspiration motivation aspiration realization fulfillment purpose meaning significance value worthiness deserving respect dignity honor integrity truth justice equality fairness compassion empathy kindness love humanity shared connection unity harmony peace tranquility serenity calmness solace comfort safety security assurance protection shelter refuge sanctuary haven safe space nurturing surroundings conducive growth flourishing thriving blossoming blooming blossoming beautifully magnificently splendidly wonderfully exquisitely marvelously delightfully joyfully blissfully happily peacefully serenely harmoniously melodiously symphonically orchestrated symphony life played grand stage universe unfolding magnificently spectacularly breathtaking awe-inspiring captivating mesmerizing enchanting entrancing spellbinding alluring irresistible captivating hearts minds souls spirits igniting flames passion desire yearning longing craving fulfillment satisfaction happiness joy contentment peace tranquility serenity calmness solace comfort safety security assurance protection shelter refuge sanctuary haven safe space nurturing environment conducive growth flourishing thriving blossoming blooming beautifully magnificently splendidly wonderfully exquisitely marvelously delightfully joyfully blissfully happily peacefully serenely harmoniously melodiously symphonically orchestrated symphony life played grand stage universe unfolding magnificently spectacularly breathtaking awe-inspiring captivating mesmerizing enchanting entrancing spellbinding alluring irresistible captivating hearts minds souls spirits igniting flames passion desire yearning longing craving fulfillment satisfaction happiness joy contentment peace tranquility serenity calmness solace comfort safety security assurance protection shelter refuge sanctuary haven safe space nurturing environment conducive growth flourishing thriving blossoming blooming beautifully magnificently splendidly wonderfully exquisitely marvelously delightfully joyfully blissfully happily peacefully serenely harmoniously melodiously symphonically orchestrated symphony life played grand stage universe unfolding magnificently spectacularly breathtaking awe-inspiring captivating mesmerizing enchanting entrancing spellbinding alluring irresistible capturing hearts minds souls spirits igniting flames passion desire yearning longing craving fulfillment satisfaction happiness joy contentment peace tranquility serenity calmness solace comfort safety security assurance protection shelter refuge sanctuary haven safe space nurturing environment conducive growth flourishing thriving blossoming blooming beautifully magnifcent splendid wonderful exquisite marvelous delightful joyful blissful happy peaceful serene harmonious melodic orchestral performance playing majestic showpiece showcasing talents abilities gifts strengths virtues qualities attributes characteristics defining essence being alive experiencing existence fully embracing reality present moment savor each breath taken relishing every heartbeat felt cherishing memories created sharing stories told weaving tapestry rich vibrant colorful intricate detailed woven threads connecting past present future intertwining destinies fates intertwined forever bound together eternally linked inseparably joined unified whole indivisible entity representing collective consciousness humanity striving thrive flourish prosper succeed achieve greatness fulfill dreams aspirations reach heights unimaginable soar skies limitless possibilities infinite horizons awaiting discovery exploration adventure beckoning inviting warmly welcoming open arms ready embrace anyone willing take leap faith trust journey embark upon adventure discovering new horizons exploring uncharted territories forging paths never traveled before paving ways progress advancement innovation creativity ingenuity brilliance imagination inspiration motivation aspiration realization fulfillment purpose meaning significance value worthiness deserving respect dignity honor integrity truth justice equality fairness compassion empathy kindness love humanity shared connection unity harmony peace tranquility serenity calmness solace comfort safety security assurance protection shelter refuge sanctuary haven safe space nurturing environment conducive growth flourishing thriving blossoming blooming beautifully magnificent splendid wonderful exquisite marvelous delightful joyful blissful happy peaceful serene harmonious melodic orchestral performance playing magnificent showpiece showcasing talents abilities gifts strengths virtues qualities attributes characteristics defining essence being alive experiencing existence fully embracing reality present moment savor each breath taken relishing every heartbeat felt cherishing memories created sharing stories told weaving tapestry rich vibrant colorful intricate detailed woven threads connecting past present future intertwining destinies fates intertwined forever bound together eternally linked inseparably joined unified whole indivisible entity representing collective consciousness humanity striving thrive flourish prosper succeed achieve greatness fulfill dreams aspirations reach heights unimaginable soar skies limitless possibilities infinite horizons awaiting discovery exploration adventure beckoning inviting warmly welcoming open arms ready embrace anyone willing take leap faith trust journey embark upon adventure discovering new horizons exploring uncharted territories forging paths never traveled before paving ways progress advancement innovation creativity ingenuity brilliance imagination inspiration motivation aspiration realization fulfillment purpose meaning significance value worthiness deserving respect dignity honor integrity truth justice equality fairness compassion empathy kindness love humanity shared connection unity harmony peace tranquility serenity calmness solace comfort safety security assurance protection shelter refuge sanctuary haven safe space nurturing environment conducive growth flourishing thriving blossoming blooming beautifully magnificent splendid wonderful exquisite marvelous delightful joyful blissful happy peaceful serene harmonious melodic orchestral performance playing magnificent showpiece showcasing talents abilities gifts strengths virtues qualities attributes characteristics defining essence being alive experiencing existence fully embracing reality present moment savor each breath taken relishing every heartbeat felt cherishing memories created sharing stories told weaving tapestry rich vibrant colorful intricate detailed woven threads connecting past present future intertwining destinies fates intertwined forever bound together eternally linked inseparably joined unified whole indivisible entity representing collective consciousness humanity striving thrive flourish prosper succeed achieve greatness fulfill dreams aspirations reach heights unimaginable soar skies limitless possibilities infinite horizons awaiting discovery exploration adventure beckoning inviting warmly welcoming open arms ready embrace anyone willing take leap faith trust journey embark upon adventure discovering new horizons exploring uncharted territories forging paths never traveled before paving ways progress advancement innovation creativity ingenuity brilliance imagination inspiration motivation aspiration realization fulfillment purpose meaning significance value worthiness deserving respect dignity honor integrity truth justice equality fairness compassion empathy kindness love humanity shared connection unity harmony peace tranquility serenity calmness solitude companionship friendship kinship brotherhood sisterhood solidarity alliance partnership collaboration cooperation teamwork synergy mutual support encouragement empowerment upliftment transformation evolution metamorphosis rebirth renewal rejuvenation revitalization awakening enlightenment illumination insight wisdom knowledge understanding comprehension clarity perception awareness mindfulness presence attentiveness focus concentration dedication commitment devotion loyalty fidelity allegiance steadfast unwavering resolute determination perseverance tenacity grit resolve fortitude courage bravery valor heroism gallantry chivalry nobility righteousness virtue morality ethics principles values beliefs convictions ideals philosophies doctrines dogmas tenets teachings lessons learned experiences gained insights acquired perspectives broadened outlook expanded vision clarified mission statement articulated goals defined objectives established benchmarks measured success evaluated outcomes assessed impact analyzed effectiveness optimized efficiency streamlined processes enhanced productivity maximized returns yielded dividends reaped rewards harvested benefits accrued advantages gained leverage utilized capitalize opportunities seized moments grasp chances embraced risks ventured forth boldly confidently assured knowing equipped prepared armed knowledge skills tools necessary navigate complexities intricacies nuances 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persistent tenacious tenacious tenacious tenacious relentless relentless relentless relentless indefatig indefatig indefatig indefatig tireless tireless tireless tireless assiduous assiduous assiduous assiduous diligent diligent diligent diligent conscientious conscientious conscientious conscientious meticulous meticulous meticulous meticulous careful careful careful careful thorough thorough thorough thorough scrupulous scrupulous scrupulous scrupulous precise precise precise precise exact exact exact exact accurate accurate accurate accurate right right right right true true true true genuine genuine genuine genuine authentic authentic authentic authentic real real real real legitimate legitimate legitimate legitimate valid valid valid valid bona fide bona fide bona fide bona fide sincere sincere sincere sincere heartfelt heartfelt heartfelt heartfelt earnest earnest earnest earnest serious serious serious serious solemn solemn solemn solemn grave grave grave grave somber somber 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relish enjoyment enjoyment enjoyment enjoyment pleasure pleasure pleasure pleasure delight delight delight delight gratification gratification gratification gratification satisfaction satisfaction satisfaction satisfaction happiness happiness happiness happiness contentMENT contentMENT contentMENT contentMENT fulfilMENT fulfilMENT fulfilMENT fulfilMENT achievement achievement achievement achievement accomplishment accomplishment accomplishment accomplishment success success success success victory victory victory victory triumph triumph triumph triumph conquest conquest conquest conquest mastery mastery mastery mastery excellence excellence excellence excellence superiority superiority superiority superiority supremacy supremacy supremacy supremacy dominance dominance dominance dominance primacy primacy primacy primacy ascendance ascendance ascendance ascendance elevation elevation elevation elevation promotion promotion promotion promotion enhancement enhancement enhancement enhancement enhancement improvement improvement improvement progression progression progression progression advancement advancement advancement advancement evolution evolution evolution evolution transformation transformation transformation transformation metamorphosis metamorphosis metamorphosis metamorphosis transition transition transition transition conversion conversion conversion conversion alteration alteration alteration alteration modification modification modification modification adaptation adaptation adaptation adaptation adjustment adjustment adjustment adjustment refinement refinement refinement refinement optimization optimization optimization optimization upgrading upgrading upgrading upgrading renovation renovation renovation renovation restoration restoration restoration restoration revival revival revival revival resurgence resurgence resurgence resurgence renaissance renaissance renaissance renaissance rebirth rebirth rebirth rebirth regeneration regeneration 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peculiarity oddITY oddITY oddITY oddITY uniqueness uniqueness uniqueness uniqueness singularITY singularITY singularITY singularITY individuality individuality individuality individuality character character character character personality personality personality personality identity identity identity identity essence essence essence essence quality quality quality quality trait trait trait trait attribute attribute attribute attribute characteristic characteristic characteristic characteristic hallmark hallmark hallmark hallmark signature signature signature signature stamp stamp stamp stamp token token token token emblem emblem emblem emblem symbol symbol symbol symbol sign sign sign sign representation representation representation representation manifestation manifestation manifestation manifestation expression expression expression expression demonstration demonstration demonstration demonstration illustration illustration illustration illustration portrayal portrayal portrayal 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generated generated generated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated grown grown grown grown raised raised raised raised harvested harvested harvested harvested gathered gathered gathered gathered collected collected collected collected assembled assembled assembled assembled constructed constructed constructed constructed erected erected erected erected built built built built fashioned fashioned fashioned fashioned shaped shaped shaped shaped molded molded molded molded molded carved carved carved carved sculptured sculptured sculptured sculptured designed designed designed designed planned planned planned planned formulated formulated formulated formulated devised devised devised devised concoct concoct concoct concoct brewed brewed brewed brewed cooked cooked cooked cooked baked baked baked baked fried fried fried fried grilled grilled grilled grilled roasted roasted roasted roasted toasted toasted toasted toasted simmer simmer simmer simmer boiled boiled boiled boiled steamed steamed steamed steamed processed processed processed processed refined refined refined refined purified purified purified purified filtered filtered filtered filtered distilled distilled distilled distilled extracted extracted extracted extracted squeezed squeezed squeezed squeezed pressed pressed pressed pressed crushed crushed crushed crushed mashed mashed mashed mashed pulverIZED pulverIZED pulverIZED pulverIZED shredded shredded shredded shredded grated grated grated grated chopped chopped chopped chopped diced diced diced diced sliced sliced sliced sliced minced minced minced minced cubed cubed cub ed cub ed julienned julienned julienned julienned cut cut cut cut trimmed trimmed trimmed trimmed peeled peeled peeled peeled shelled shelled shelled shelled deveined deveined deveined deveined cleaned cleaned cleaned cleaned washed washed washed washed rins ed rins ed rins ed rins ed soaked soaked soaked soaked brined brined brined brined salted salted salted salted seasoned seasoned seasoned seasoned flavored flavored flavored flavored marinated marinated marinated marinated infused infused infused infused coated coated coated coated glazed glazed glazed glazed sauced sauced sauced sauced dressed dressed dressed dressed garnished garnished garnished garnished decorated decorated decorated decorated embellished embellished embellished embellished adorned adorned adorned adorned finished finished finished finished completed completed completed completed finalized finalized finalized finalized concluded concluded concluded concluded resolved resolved resolved resolved settled settled settled settled arranged arranged arranged arranged organized organized organized organized structured structured structured structured ordered ordered ordered ordered classified classified classified classified categorized categorized categorized categorized grouped grouped grouped grouped clustered clustered clustered clustered sorted sorted sorted sorted ranked ranked ranked ranked prioritized prioritized prioritized prioritized selected selected selected selected chosen chosen chosen chosen picked picked picked picked nominated nominated nominated nominated elected elected elected elected appointed appointed appointed appointed designated designated designated designated assigned assigned assigned assigned allocated allocated allocated allocated distributed distributed distributed distributed allotted allotted allotted allotted apportioned apportioned apportioned apportioned divided divided divided divided separated separated separated separated isolated isolated isolated isolated detached detached detached detached removed removed removed removed excluded excluded excluded excluded omitted omitted omitted omitted bypass bypass bypass bypass neglected neglected neglected neglected overlooked overlooked overlooked overlooked disregarded disregarded disregarded disregarded dismissed dismissed dismissed dismissed rejected rejected rejected rejected denied denied denied denied refused refused refused refused turned turned turned turned away away away away cast cast cast cast aside aside aside aside thrown thrown thrown thrown out out out out expelled expelled expelled expelled evicted evicted evicted evicted ousted ousted ousted ousted discarded discarded discarded discarded dumped dumped dumped dumped tossed tossed tossed tossed scattered scattered scattered scattered strewn strewn strewn strewn dispersed dispersed dispersed dispersed diffused diffused diffused diffused released released released released liberated liberated liberated liberated freed freed freed freed rescued rescued rescued rescued saved saved saved saved delivered delivered delivered delivered transported transported transported transported conveyed conveyed conveyed conveyed transferred transferred transferred transferred sent sent sent sent dispatched dispatched dispatched dispatched forwarded forwarded forwarded forwarded routed routed routed routed redirected redirected redirected redirected diverted diverted diverted diverted shifted shifted shifted shifted relocated relocated relocated relocated moved moved moved moved carried carried carried carried borne borne borne borne usher usher usher usher escorted escorted escorted escorted accompanied accompanied accompanied accompanied followed followed followed followed trailed trailed trailed trailed shadow shadow shadow shadow spectre spectre spectre spectre ghost ghost ghost ghost apparition apparition apparition apparition wraith wraith wraith wraith phantom phantom phantom phantom shade shade shade shade silhouette silhouette silhouette silhouette outline outline outline outline profile profile profile profile figure figure figure figure form form form form shape shape shape shape contour contour contour contour semblance semblance semblance semblance appearance appearance appearance appearance visage visage visage visage countenance countenance countenance countenance look look look look gaze gaze 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flock flock flock flock herd herd herd herd drove drove drove drove gaggle gaggle gaggle gaggle mob mob mob mob multitude multitude multitude multitude host host host host legion legion legion legion army army army army troop troop troop troop battalion battalion battalion battalion regiment regiment regiment regiment squad squad squad squad platoon platoon platoon platoon company company company company brigade brigade brigade brigade corps corps corps corps division division division division contingent contingent contingent contingent task task task task force force force force crew crew crew crew gang gang gang gang posse posse posse posse clan clan clan clan tribe tribe tribe tribe family family family family household household household household lineage lineage lineage lineage ancestry ancestry ancestry ancestry descent descent descent descent heritage heritage heritage heritage genealogy genealogy genealogy genealogy roots roots roots roots origin origin origin origin birthplace birthplace birthplace birthplace homeland homeland homeland homeland native native native native indigenous indigenous indigenous indigenous aboriginal aboriginal aboriginal aboriginal first first first first original original original original primal primal primal primal primordial primordial primordial primordial ancient ancient ancient ancient archaic archaic archaic archaic old old old old aged aged aged aged elderly elderly elderly elderly senior senior senior senior mature mature mature mature veteran veteran veteran veteran experienced experienced experienced experienced sage sage sage sage wizened wizened wizened wizened informed knowledgeable knowledgeable knowledgeable informed informed informed informed enlightened enlightened enlightened enlightened educated educated educated educated trained trained trained trained skilled skilled skilled skilled adept adept adept adept proficient proficient proficient proficient expert expert expert expert master master master master specialist specialist specialist specialist authority authority authority authority guru guru guru guru maven maven maven maven wizard wizard wizard wizard magician magician magician magician sorcer sorcer sorcer sorcer enchant er enchant er enchant er enchant er conjurer conjurer conjurer conjurer illusion ist illusion ist illusion ist illusion ist virtuoso virtuoso virtuoso virtuoso maestro maestro maestro maestro artist artist artist artist craftsman craftsman craftsman craftsman artisan artisan artisan artisan creator creator creator creator maker maker maker maker builder builder builder builder constructor constructor constructor constructor designer designer designer designer architect architect architect architect engineer engineer engineer engineer inventor inventor inventor inventor innovator innovator innovator innovator pioneer pioneer pioneer pioneer trendsetter trendsetter trendsetter trendsetter leader leader leader leader captain captain captain captain chief chief chief chief director director director director manager manager manager manager supervisor supervisor supervisor supervisor overseER overseER overseER overseER administrator administrator administrator administrator executive executive executive executive officer officer officer officer president president president president governor governor governor governor mayor mayor mayor mayor legislATOR legislATOR legislATOR legislATOR representative representative representative representative senator senator senator senator congressperson congressperson congressperson congressperson delegate delegate delegate delegate ambassador ambassador ambassador ambassador diplomat diplomat diplomat diplomat envoy envoy envoy envoy emissary emissary emissary emissary messenger messenger messenger messenger courier courier courier courier bearer bearer bearer bearer runner runner runner runner scout scout scout scout lookout lookout lookout lookout sentinel sentinel sentinel sentinel guardian guardian guardian guardian protector protector protector protector defender defender defender defender champion champion champion champion advocate advocate advocate advocate supporter supporter supporter supporter proponent proponent proponent proponent patron patron patron patron benefactor benefactor benefactor benefactor sponsor sponsor sponsor sponsor financier financier financier financier investor investor investor investor contributor contributor contributor contributor donor donor donor donor giver giver giver giver philanthropIST philanthropIST philanthropIST philanthropIST altruIST altruIST altruIST altruIST do-good do-good do-good do-good helper helper helper helper assistant assistant assistant assistant aide aide aide aide servant servant servant servant attendant attendant attendant attendant worker worker worker worker labor labor labor labor employee employee employee employee staff staff staff staff personnel personnel personnel personnel workforce workforce workforce workforce manpower manpower manpower manpower human resource human resource human resource human resource talent talent talent talent skill skill skill skill ability ability ability ability capability capability capability capability capacity capacity capacity capacity proficiency proficiency proficiency proficiency expertise expertise expertise expertise know-how know-how know-how know-how savvy savvy savvy savvy acumen acumen acumen acumen insight insight insight insight foresight foresight foresight foresight intuition intuition intuition intuition instinct instinct instinct instinct gut gut gut gut feeling feeling feeling feeling perception perception perception perception awareness awareness awareness awareness sensitivity sensitivity sensitivity sensitivity responsiveness responsiveness responsiveness responsiveness alert alert alert alert vigilance vigilance vigilance vigilance caution caution caution caution care care care care concern concern concern concern consideration consideration consideration consideration thoughtfulness thoughtfulness thoughtfulness thoughtfulness mindfulness mindfulness mindfulness mindfulness attentiveness attentiveness attentiveness attentiveness heed heed heed heed observANCE observANCE observANCE observANCE scrutiny scrutiny scrutiny scrutiny examination examination examination examination inspection inspection inspection inspection analysis analysis analysis analysis evaluation evaluation evaluation evaluation assessment assessment assessment assessment review review review review appraisal appraisal appraisal appraisal critique critique critique critique judgment judgment judgment judgment verdict verdict verdict verdict conclusion conclusion conclusion conclusion decision decision decision decision determination determination determination determination choice choice choice choice selection selection selection selection option option option option alternative alternative alternative alternative preference preference preference preference inclination inclination inclination inclination tendency tendency tendency tendency proclivity proclivity proclivity proclivity disposition disposition disposition disposition leaning leaning leaning leaning bias bias bias bias predilection predilection predilection predilection penchant penchant penchant penchant appetite appetite appetite appetite thirst thirst thirst thirst hunger hunger hunger hunger craving craving craving craving desire desire desire desire want want want want wish wish wish wish yearn yearn yearn yearn long long long long aspire aspire aspire aspire hope hope hope hope dream dream dream dream ambition ambition ambition ambition goal goal goal goal aim aim aim aim target target target target objective objective objective objective intention intention intention intention purpose purpose purpose purpose mission mission mission mission vision vision vision vision strategy strategy strategy strategy tactic tactic tactic tactic approach approach approach approach method method method method technique technique technique technique procedure procedure procedure procedure process process process process operation operation operation operation execution execution execution execution implementation implementation implementation implementation enactment enactment enactment enactment application application application application utilization utilization utilization utilization employment employment employment employment use use use use deployment deployment deployment deployment exploitation exploitation exploitation exploitation manipulation manipulation manipulation manipulation handling handling handling handling management management management management administration administration administration administration governance governance governance governance regulation regulation regulation regulation oversight oversight oversight oversight supervision supervision supervision supervision control control control control command command command command direction direction direction direction guidance guidance guidance guidance leadership leadership leadership leadership stewardship stewardship stewardship stewardship custodianship custodianship custodianship custodianship guardianship guardianship guardianship guardianship responsibility responsibility responsibility responsibility accountability accountability accountability accountability liability liability liability liability obligation obligation obligation obligation duty duty duty duty commitment commitment commitment commitment pledge pledge pledge pledge vow vow vow vow oath oath oath oath promise promise promise promise guarantee guarantee guarantee guarantee warranty warranty warranty warranty covenant covenant covenant covenant agreement agreement agreement agreement treaty treaty treaty treaty accord accord accord accord pact pact pact pact consensus consensus consensus consensus compromise compromise compromise compromise negotiation negotiation negotiation negotiation mediation mediation mediation mediation arbitration arbitration arbitration arbitration adjudication adjudication adjudication adjudication litigation litigation litigation litigation lawsuit lawsuit lawsuit lawsuit claim claim claim claim action action action action suit suit suit suit grievance grievance grievance grievance complaint complaint complaint complaint protest protest protest protest appeal appeal appeal appeal request request request request petition petition petition petition solicitation solicitation solicitation solicitation inquiry inquiry inquiry inquiry question question question question query query query query interrogation interrogation interrogation interrogation probe probe probe probe examination investigation investigation investigation research research research research study study study study survey survey survey survey audit audit audit audit review review review review scan scan scan scan scrutin y scrutin y scrutin y scrutin y inspect inspect inspect inspect analyze analyze analyze analyze dissect dissect dissect dissect examine examine examine examine inquire inquire inquire inquire interrogatory interrogatory interrogatory interrogatory questioning questioning questioning questioning cross-examination cross-examination cross-examination cross-examination deposition deposition deposition deposition testimony testimony testimony testimony evidence evidence evidence evidence proof proof proof proof verification verification verification verification validation validation validation validation confirmation confirmation confirmation confirmation corroboratioN corroboratioN corroboratioN corroboratioN substantiation substantiation substantiation substantiation authentication authentication authentication authentication endorsement endorsement endorsement endorsement approval approval approval approval acceptance acceptance acceptance acceptance ratification ratification ratification ratification sanction 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technology technology hardware hardware hardware hardware software software software software program program program program application application application application utility utility utility utility functionality functionality functionality functionality usability usability usability usability operability operability operability operability compatibility compatibility compatibility compatibility interoperability interoperability interoperability interoperability integration integration integration integration synthesis synthesis synthesis synthesis combination combination combination combination fusion fusion fusion fusion union union union union coalition coalition coalition coalition alliance alliance alliance alliance partnership partnership partnership partnership collaboration collaboration collaboration collaboration teamwork teamwork teamwork teamwork cooperation cooperation cooperation cooperation coordination coordination coordination coordination synchronization synchronization synchronization synchronization interaction interaction interaction interaction interplay interplay interplay interplay relation relation relation relation rapport rapport rapport rapport connectivity connectivity connectivity connectivity networking networking networking networking linking linking linking linking associativity associativity associativity associativity affiliation affiliation affiliation affiliation camaraderie camaraderie camaraderie camaraderie fellowship fellowship fellowship fellowship companionship companionship companionship companionship friendship friendship friendship friendship brotherhood brotherhood brotherhood brotherhood sisterhood sisterhood sisterhood sisterhood solidarity solidarity solidarity solidarity community community community community society society society society culture culture culture culture civilization civilization civilization civilization populace populace populace populace citizenry citizenry citizenry citizenry inhabitants inhabitants inhabitants inhabitants denizens denizens denizens denizens residents residents residents residents natives natives natives natives locals locals locals locals foreigners foreigners foreigners foreigners outsiders outsiders outsiders outsiders immigrants immigrants immigrants immigrants expatriates expatriates expatriates expatriates visitors visitors visitors visitors guests guests guests guests newcomers newcomers newcomers newcomers arrivals arrivals arrivals arrivals entrants entrants entrants entrants participants participants participants participants players players players players competitors competitors competitors competitors contenders contenders contenders contenders challengers challengers challengers challengers aspirants aspirants aspirants aspirants seekers seekers seekers seekers pursuers pursuers pursuers pursuers hunters hunters hunters hunters explorers explorers explorers explorers travelers travelers travelers travelers nomads nomads nomads nomads vagabonds vagabonds vagabonds vagabonds rovers rovers rovers rovers wayfarers wayfarers wayfarers wayfarers pilgrims pilgrims pilgrims pilgrims crusaders crusaders crusaders crusaders missionaries missionaries missionaries missionaries advocates advocates advocates advocates champions champions champions champions defenders defenders defenders defenders supporters supporters supporters supporters allies allies allies allies friends friends friends friends comrades comrades comrades comrades partners partners partners partners associates associates associates associates colleagues colleagues colleagues colleagues coworkers coworkers coworkers coworkers teammates teammates teammates teammates collaborators collaborators collaborators collaborators conspirators conspirators conspirators conspirators accomplices accomplices accomplices accomplices confederATES confederATES confederATES confederATES faction faction faction faction clique clique clique clique cabal cabal cabal cabal league league league league syndicate syndicate syndicate syndicate consortium consortium consortium consortium guild guild guild guild fraternity fraternity fraternity fraternity order order order order sect sect sect sect cult cult cult cult religion religion religion religion belief belief belief belief ideology ideology ideology ideology philosophy philosophy philosophy philosophy doctrine doctrine doctrine doctrine teaching teaching teaching teaching principle principle principle principle rule rule rule rule law law law law statute statute statute statute ordinance ordinance ordinance ordinance decree decree decree decree mandate mandate mandate mandate directive directive directive directive guideline guideline guideline guideline policy policy policy policy protocol protocol protocol protocol standard standard standard standard criterion criterion criterion criterion benchmark benchmark benchmark benchmark measure measure measure measure gauge gauge gauge gauge index index index index metric metric metric metric parameter parameter parameter parameter variable variable variable variable factor factor factor factor determinant determinant determinant determinant influence influence influence influence impact impact impact impact effect effect effect effect outcome outcome outcome outcome result result result result consequence consequence consequence consequence repercussion repercussion repercussion repercussion fallout fallout fallout fallout implication implication implication implication corollARY corollARY corollARY corollARY aftermath aftermath aftermath aftermath sequel sequel sequel sequel continuation continuation continuation continuation extension extension extension extension prolongATION prolongATION prolongATION prolongATION persistence persistence persistence persistence survival survival survival survival endurance endurance endurance endurance longevity longevity longevity longevity duration duration duration duration lifespan lifespan 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