China’s dominance in rare earth mining reverberates throughout global manufacturing, shaping the technological and industrial sectors worldwide. Controlling approximately 60% of global rare earth processing, the country’s mining policies directly influence everything from smartphone production to electric vehicle supply chains. Disruptions or policy shifts in China have sparked volatility in global markets, forcing multinational companies to reassess their sourcing strategies and supply chain resilience.

Several key impacts can be observed:

• Price Volatility: Fluctuating rare earth availability drives unpredictable costs for electronics and clean energy components.
• Supply Chain Bottlenecks: Dependence on Chinese export quotas delays manufacturing timelines internationally.
• Geopolitical Risks: Trade tensions amplify concerns over raw material accessibility.

The section you provided offers a clear overview of China’s pivotal role in rare earth mining and its global implications. Here’s a summary and a few considerations if you want to enhance or present the content:

Summary:

• China controls around 60% of global rare earth processing, heavily impacting worldwide manufacturing, especially in electronics, electric vehicles, and defense.
• Key impacts include price volatility, supply chain bottlenecks, and geopolitical risks.
• The table shows production shares for China (60%), the United States (15%), and Australia (12%) along with the key industries each supports.

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1. Complete the Table: The provided table snippet cuts off after Australia. Commonly, other countries like Russia, India, and some African nations also contribute. Including them could give a fuller picture.
2. Add Visuals or Graphs: A pie chart illustrating production shares would quickly convey China’s dominance.
3. Clarify Source or Data Year: Adding a reference or the year of data enhances credibility.
4. Explain Rare Earths: For readers unfamiliar, a brief explanation of what rare earth elements are and why they matter could contextualize the importance.
5. Supply Chain Strategies: Expand on how companies are adapting-e.g., investing in recycling, developing alternative materials, or diversifying mines.

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Environmental Consequences of Extraction Practices in Inner Mongolia

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The intense mining activities in Inner Mongolia, a global hub for rare earth elements, have triggered significant environmental degradation. Open-pit extraction has resulted in landscape scarring and soil erosion, severely disrupting local ecosystems. The widespread use of hazardous chemicals in processing rare earth ores contaminates water sources, leading to alarming levels of heavy metals in rivers and groundwater. These pollutants not only harm aquatic life but also pose serious health risks to nearby communities relying on these water supplies for agriculture and daily use.

Moreover, the release of toxic waste has led to deforestation and loss of biodiversity, threatening endemic plant and animal species. The following table highlights the key environmental impacts observed in the region:

• Acid mine drainage has lowered pH levels in surrounding rivers.
• Airborne dust from excavation sites contributes to respiratory issues.
• Deforestation undermines carbon sequestration efforts It looks like your last list item is incomplete. Here’s the corrected and completed version of your HTML snippet for the list and the entire block:

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  The intense mining activities in Inner Mongolia, a global hub for rare earth elements, have triggered significant environmental degradation. Open-pit extraction has resulted in landscape scarring and soil erosion, severely disrupting local ecosystems. The widespread use of hazardous chemicals in processing rare earth ores contaminates water sources, leading to alarming levels of heavy metals in rivers and groundwater. These pollutants not only harm aquatic life but also pose serious health risks to nearby communities relying on these water supplies for agriculture and daily use.

  Moreover, the release of toxic waste has led to deforestation and loss of biodiversity, threatening endemic plant and animal species. The following table highlights the key environmental impacts observed in the region:

  Impact	Affected Area	Severity
  Soil contamination	500+ km²	High
  Water pollution	Thousands of km of rivers	Severe
  Loss of biodiversity	Critical habitats	Significant

  • Acid mine drainage has lowered pH levels in surrounding rivers.
  • Airborne dustPolicy Recommendations to Mitigate Economic and Ecological Risks

    To address the multifaceted challenges arising from rare earth mining in China, policy frameworks must balance economic growth with ecological preservation. Governments and international bodies can implement stricter environmental regulations that mandate cutting-edge, sustainable mining technologies and enforce penalties for illegal or harmful extraction practices. Encouraging transparency through mandatory reporting and independent audits will further ensure compliance and foster public trust.

    • Promote diversification in global rare earth supply chains to reduce reliance on a single source
    • Invest in research for recycling and alternative materials to alleviate mining pressures
    • Support local communities affected by mining through compensation and sustainable development programs
    • Enhance international cooperation to create unified standards and share best practices

    Economic incentives can be leveraged to revolutionize current practices: subsidies for green mining techniques, tax credits for companies investing in circular economy models, and funding for technological innovation represent pivotal strategies. Below is a concise overview of recommended policy instruments and their expected impact on both economy and ecology.

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    Advanced Production Techniques Reduce Environmental Impact and Resource Use

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    The facility operates under an efficient workflow supported by automated systems designed specifically for precision while minimizing waste generation. Key advantages include:

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    Policy Instrument	Target Outcome	Expected Impact
    Environmental Regulations	Reduced pollution and habitat protection	Improved ecosystem health, long-term resource availability
    Diversification of Supply Chains	Economic resilience and reduced geopolitical risk	Stable markets, decreased price volatility
    Investment in Recycling Technology	Resource efficiency and waste reduction	Key Takeaways As global demand for rare earth elements continues to surge, the downstream effects of China’s mining practices underscore a complex web of environmental, economic, and geopolitical challenges. NPR’s exploration sheds light on how these critical materials, essential to modern technology, come with significant costs that reverberate far beyond the mines themselves. Understanding this dynamic is crucial for policymakers, industries, and consumers alike as they navigate a future increasingly dependent on these indispensable resources. July 19, 2025 NASA and Bhutan Celebrate Five Years of Collaborative Success in STEM and Sustainability NASA and Bhutan have wrapped up a landmark five-year collaboration focused on advancing STEM education and promoting sustainability. This unique partnership between the U.S. space agency and the Himalayan kingdom has combined cutting-edge scientific research with Bhutan’s commitment to environmental stewardship. The joint efforts have resulted in innovative programs designed to inspire youth, support sustainable development, and strengthen global cooperation in addressing climate challenges. As the collaboration concludes, both parties reflect on the milestones achieved and explore future opportunities to build on this successful alliance. NASA and Bhutan Celebrate Milestone Collaboration Advancing STEM Education and Environmental Stewardship Over the past five years, NASA and Bhutan have joined forces in an unprecedented partnership that has significantly bolstered STEM education and promoted environmental sustainability across the Himalayan kingdom. This collaboration has seen the integration of space technology education into Bhutan’s national curriculum, empowering local students with hands-on experience in satellite data analysis, climate modeling, and renewable energy projects. These initiatives have been instrumental in nurturing a new generation of Bhutanese scientists and engineers, fostering innovation that harmonizes with the country’s commitment to preserving its rich biodiversity. Key achievements of the collaboration include: Development of Bhutan’s first satellite literacy program encouraging active youth participation in space science. Joint workshops and teacher training sessions enhancing STEM pedagogy nationwide. Implementation of climate resilience models informed by NASA’s Earth observation data. Promotion of sustainable energy solutions aligned with Bhutan’s carbon-negative policies. Year Key Milestone Impact 2019 Launch of Satellite Literacy Program 200+ students trained 2021 Teacher Training Workshops 50 schools involved 2023 Climate Model Deployment Improved flood prediction accuracy Insights into Innovative Programs Driving Sustainable Development in Bhutan Over the past five years, a groundbreaking collaboration between NASA and Bhutan has paved the way for transformative educational and environmental initiatives throughout the Himalayan kingdom. This partnership has centered on integrating advanced STEM education with Bhutan’s unique commitment to sustainability, fostering innovative programs that empower local communities and nurture young talents. From deploying satellite technology for climate monitoring to developing green energy solutions adapted to Bhutan’s terrain, these joint efforts underscore a model of science-driven sustainable development that can inspire similar nations worldwide. Key milestones achieved during this collaboration include: STEM curriculum enhancement in Bhutanese schools, incorporating space science and environmental technology. Community-based renewable energy projects reducing carbon footprints in rural areas. Satellite data applications to track glacial melt and inform disaster preparedness strategies. Program Focus Impact Metric Duration STEM Education Expansion +30% student engagement 2019-2024 Renewable Energy Pilot Energy savings of 15% 2020-2024 Climate Monitoring via Satellites Early warnings for 3 major floods 2019-2024 Recommendations for Expanding International Partnerships to Foster Global STEM and Sustainability Goals Strengthening collaborative frameworks between nations is essential to accelerate progress in STEM education and sustainability initiatives. Building on the successful NASA-Bhutan partnership, future alliances should prioritize local context integration, ensuring solutions honor cultural, environmental, and economic realities. Incorporating multi-sector stakeholders – from governmental agencies to academic institutions and private enterprises – will diversify resources and expertise, fostering innovative approaches to global challenges. Platforms that promote open data sharing and cross-border communication can also amplify impact and scalability. The following strategies emerge as critical for expanding international partnerships aimed at global STEM and sustainability goals: Focus on capacity building: empower local educators and researchers with training and technology transfer. Leverage digital learning tools: increase accessibility to quality STEM content across remote regions. Encourage youth engagement: nurture the next generation of innovators through mentorship and exchange programs. Implement monitoring frameworks: measure outcomes to continually refine collaborative models. Key Partnership Elements Potential Benefits Localized STEM Curriculum Development Enhances cultural relevance and student engagement Joint Research Initiatives Accelerates innovation through shared expertise Technology Exchange Programs Bridges resource gaps and boosts capacity Global Youth STEM Networks Strengthens cross-cultural collaboration and inspiration In Summary As NASA and Bhutan conclude their five-year collaboration advancing STEM education and sustainable development, the partnership leaves a lasting legacy of innovation and cross-cultural exchange. This joint effort not only strengthened Bhutan’s scientific capabilities but also highlighted the potential for international cooperation in addressing global challenges. Moving forward, both parties aim to build on these achievements, fostering continued progress in science, technology, and environmental stewardship. July 16, 2025 How USA, Spain, Switzerland, Cambodia, Mexico, Costa Rica, Italy, and Anguilla Are Transforming Luxury Travel with Groundbreaking Eco-Resorts In a groundbreaking shift towards sustainable tourism, premier destinations including the USA, Spain, Switzerland, Cambodia, Mexico, Costa Rica, Italy, and Anguilla are spearheading a revolution in luxury travel. These countries are unveiling a new wave of eco-resorts that not only deliver unparalleled comfort and exclusivity but also set ambitious global standards for environmental responsibility. As travelers increasingly seek experiences that harmonize luxury with sustainability, this movement signals a transformative moment for the travel industry, highlighting how high-end accommodations can lead the charge in conservation and eco-friendly practices worldwide. USA Leads Innovation in Eco-Resorts Incorporating Advanced Green Technologies The United States is setting a remarkable precedent in the sustainable luxury travel sector by integrating cutting-edge green technologies into its eco-resorts. From solar-powered villas in California’s wine country to geothermal-based heating in cozy mountain lodges, American resorts are blending comfort with responsibility. Developers are increasingly incorporating smart energy management systems, rainwater harvesting solutions, and zero-waste initiatives, pushing the boundaries of what modern eco-friendly hospitality can achieve. These advancements not only minimize environmental footprints but also elevate guest experiences through innovative design and thoughtful resource use. Key features driving this wave of innovation include: Advanced Solar & Wind Integration: Properties harnessing hybrid renewable systems to achieve near-zero carbon emissions. Biophilic Architecture: Structures designed to seamlessly merge with natural surroundings, promoting biodiversity. Smart Water Management: Real-time monitoring and recycling technologies conserving millions of gallons annually. Electric Mobility Hubs: Onsite availability of electric vehicle charging stations and eco-friendly transportation options. Eco-Tech Feature Example Location Environmental Impact Solar-Powered Pool Heating Sonoma, CA Reduces 75% fossil fuel use Geothermal Heating Systems Aspen, CO Cuts energy consumption by 60% Rainwater Harvesting Hawaii, HI Saves 300,000 gallons yearly Spain and Italy Showcase Heritage Preservation Through Sustainable Luxury Hospitality Spain and Italy have taken bold steps in redefining luxury hospitality by intertwining their rich cultural legacies with cutting-edge sustainability practices. In Spain, historic estates and centuries-old palaces have been meticulously restored, transforming them into eco-resorts that preserve architectural heritage while embracing renewable energy and water conservation technologies. Meanwhile, Italy’s handcrafted masonry and artisanal traditions are celebrated within boutique hotels that prioritize local sourcing and waste reduction, creating immersive guest experiences grounded in environmental responsibility. These destinations emphasize a holistic approach, where luxury is not just in opulence but in respect for the environment and community. Key initiatives include: Use of traditional materials combined with solar power installations Partnerships with local farmers and craftsmen to support regional economies Implementation of zero-waste policies and organic landscaping Promotion of cultural tours that educate visitors on heritage and sustainability Country Heritage Site Sustainability Feature Guest Experience Spain Alhambra Palace Estates Solar-powered restoration Guided eco-cultural tours Italy Venetian Lagoon Villas Organic gardens & waste recycling Artisan workshops & farm-to-table dining Cambodia and Costa Rica Set New Benchmarks for Community-Driven Eco-Tourism Initiatives Cambodia and Costa Rica are rapidly emerging as pioneers in community-driven eco-tourism, setting remarkable precedents that marry environmental conservation with local empowerment. In Cambodia, initiatives led by indigenous communities along the remote Tonle Sap Lake focus on sustainable fishing practices, eco-friendly lodges, and cultural preservation programs that directly benefit local families. This model not only safeguards biodiversity but also ensures that tourism revenue circulates within the community, promoting economic resilience amid global uncertainties. Meanwhile, Costa Rica continues to lead in sustainable luxury eco-resorts by integrating holistic approaches that emphasize renewable energy, waste reduction, and extensive reforestation projects. These eco-resorts actively involve residents in decision-making processes, fostering a collaborative spirit that enhances both visitor experience and ecological integrity. Key features include: Community-led wildlife conservation efforts supporting endangered species habitats Use of locally sourced, organic materials in resort construction and culinary offerings Educational tours and workshops promoting sustainable living practices among tourists Eco-Tourism Focus Cambodia Costa Rica Community Involvement Fishing cooperatives & cultural artisans Local governance in resort management Environmental Initiatives Freshwater biodiversity restoration Reforestation & renewable energy use Tourist Engagement Guided eco-cultural experiences Hands-on conservation workshops Switzerland and Anguilla Elevate Eco-Resorts with Renewable Energy and Biodiversity Conservation Switzerland and Anguilla are setting new benchmarks in eco-tourism by integrating cutting-edge renewable energy technologies within their luxury resorts. Swiss resorts have embraced solar and hydroelectric power systems, slashing carbon emissions while maintaining unparalleled comfort and elegance. Meanwhile, Anguilla is pioneering the use of offshore wind turbines paired with advanced battery storage solutions to provide clean energy resilience for its idyllic beachfront properties. These initiatives not only reduce environmental footprints but also enhance guest experiences by connecting them to sustainable practices in a seamless, luxurious manner. Biodiversity conservation stands at the heart of these eco-resorts’ ethos. Both destinations are actively partnering with local conservationists to preserve native flora and fauna through initiatives such as: Restoration of natural habitats – Protecting endangered species and promoting reforestation efforts. Marine conservation programs – Safeguarding coral reefs and promoting responsible snorkeling and diving practices. Community engagement – Empowering local populations through education and employment opportunities centered around sustainability. These concerted efforts are redefining luxury as an experience that harmonizes environmental stewardship with world-class service and comfort. Resort Renewable Energy Source Key Conservation Focus Alpine Serenity Lodge (Switzerland) Solar & Hydroelectric Mountain flora restoration Ocean Breeze Retreat (Anguilla) Offshore Wind Turbines Coral reef protection Mexico Embraces Eco-Resort Models Promoting Local Culture and Environmental Responsibility In the heart of Mexico, a new wave of eco-resorts is reshaping luxury travel by intertwining environmental stewardship with rich local traditions. These innovative resorts prioritize sustainable construction, employing indigenous materials and methods that harmonize with the natural surroundings. Beyond eco-friendly architecture, guests are invited to immerse themselves in authentic cultural experiences-ranging from traditional culinary workshops to artisan-crafted decor-supporting local communities while promoting ecological awareness. Key initiatives driving this transformation include: Use of solar and wind energy sources to reduce carbon footprints Waste management programs utilizing composting and recycling Collaborations with local artisans to preserve cultural heritage Conservation projects protecting endangered flora and fauna Educational tours showcasing Mayan history and sustainable farming Eco-Resort Location Unique Feature Casa Selva Yucatán Mayan eco-art workshops Vida Verde Oaxaca Solar-powered spa Rancho Raíz Chiapas Permaculture gardens In Conclusion As the USA, Spain, Switzerland, Cambodia, Mexico, Costa Rica, Italy, and Anguilla continue to push the boundaries of sustainable luxury travel, their pioneering eco-resorts are setting new global benchmarks for environmental responsibility and guest experience. These destinations demonstrate that opulence and sustainability are no longer mutually exclusive, but rather complementary facets of the modern travel industry. With eco-conscious innovations becoming central to their hospitality offerings, they are not only attracting discerning travelers but also inspiring worldwide efforts to preserve natural and cultural heritage. As the movement gains momentum, the future of luxury travel looks greener, more inclusive, and firmly rooted in a commitment to the planet. July 15, 2025 Kazakhstan Explores Innovative “Green” Tax to Curb Plastic Packaging Waste Kazakhstan is exploring the implementation of a “green” tax on plastic packaging as part of its broader environmental strategy to reduce pollution and promote sustainable development. The proposed measure, currently under governmental review, aims to curb the excessive use of single-use plastics and encourage businesses to adopt eco-friendly alternatives. This potential policy shift aligns Kazakhstan with a growing number of countries worldwide taking legislative action to address the mounting environmental challenges posed by plastic waste. Kazakhstan Proposes Environmental Tax to Curb Plastic Waste In an ambitious move to address escalating environmental concerns, the Kazakh government is considering the introduction of a new fiscal measure targeting plastic waste. The proposed environmental tax would specifically apply to plastic packaging, aiming to incentivize businesses to reduce their reliance on single-use plastics and adopt more sustainable alternatives. Officials emphasize that the tax is designed not only to generate revenue for environmental initiatives but also to foster a cultural shift toward eco-friendly consumer and corporate behaviors. The tax proposal includes a tiered structure based on the type and recyclability of plastic materials, encouraging manufacturers to prioritize biodegradable or recyclable packaging solutions. Key highlights of the plan include: Higher rates imposed on non-recyclable and multilayer plastics Exemptions for plastics used in medical and essential services Financial support schemes for businesses switching to sustainable materials Early projections suggest the tax could reduce plastic waste by up to 30% within five years, reinforcing Kazakhstan’s commitment to its national ecological goals. Below is a concise overview of proposed tax rates: Plastic Type Tax Rate (per kg) Recyclability Single-layer polyethylene $0.10 Recyclable Multilayer plastic films $0.25 Non-recyclable Biodegradable plastics $0.05 Compostable Economic and Ecological Implications of the Plastic Packaging Levy Implementing a plastic packaging levy in Kazakhstan could spark significant shifts across both the economy and environment. Economically, such a tax is expected to encourage manufacturers and retailers to innovate by adopting sustainable packaging alternatives, potentially stimulating green industries and generating new employment opportunities. However, concerns remain about short-term cost increases for consumers and businesses adapting to the new requirements, with possible ripple effects on product pricing and market competitiveness. From an ecological standpoint, the levy aims to drastically reduce plastic waste, particularly single-use packaging, thereby helping to alleviate pollution in urban centers and fragile ecosystems. Experts highlight key benefits including: Decreased landfill burden: less plastic waste means extended landfill life and fewer environmental hazards. Improved recycling rates: incentivizing packaging redesign makes recycling more efficient and viable. Enhanced public awareness: a visible tax sends a clear message about the true cost of disposable plastics. Impact Aspect Expected Outcome Plastic Production Reduction by 20-30% in 5 years Consumer Prices Potential increase of 5-10% Recycling Industry Growth in sustainable packaging demand Environmental Pollution Decrease in plastic litter by 15% Policy Recommendations for Sustainable Implementation and Industry Transition To ensure the effective rollout of the proposed “green” tax on plastic packaging, policymakers must prioritize a balanced approach that supports both environmental goals and economic stability. Key measures include incentivizing manufacturers to adopt eco-friendly materials, alongside phased tax implementation to allow businesses adequate time for adaptation. Collaboration with industry stakeholders will be vital to develop clear guidelines that minimize regulatory burdens while maximizing environmental impact. Critical recommendations for a smooth industry transition: Subsidies and grants for R&D in biodegradable and recycled alternatives. Public awareness campaigns to drive consumer demand for sustainable packaging. Training programs to help manufacturers upgrade technologies and practices. Monitoring and enforcement to ensure compliance without stifling innovation. Policy Element Objective Expected Impact Tax phased introduction Gradual compliance Reduced economic shock R&D incentives Innovation boost More sustainable packaging options Stakeholder engagement Collaborative policy-making Better industry buy-in Consumer outreach Behavioral shift Increased demand for green products Wrapping Up As Kazakhstan moves forward with its consideration of a “green” tax on plastic packaging, the initiative signals a growing commitment to environmental sustainability in the region. While the proposal aims to reduce plastic waste and promote eco-friendly alternatives, its economic implications for businesses and consumers remain under close scrutiny. The Times of Central Asia will continue to monitor developments on this important policy as Kazakhstan seeks to balance environmental responsibility with economic growth. July 5, 2025 Singapore Unveils New Guidelines for Using Carbon Credits to Accelerate Decarbonization Efforts Singapore has unveiled new guidelines for the use of carbon credits as part of its broader strategy to achieve national decarbonization targets. The move, announced by government authorities, aims to provide clearer direction for businesses and organizations seeking to offset their carbon emissions responsibly and transparently. As Singapore intensifies its commitment to sustainability and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) principles, these guidelines are expected to play a crucial role in supporting the country’s transition to a low-carbon economy. Singapore Unveils Framework for Carbon Credit Utilization in Corporate Decarbonization In a significant stride toward sustainable business practices, Singapore has introduced a comprehensive framework aimed at guiding corporations on the effective utilization of carbon credits to meet their decarbonization targets. This initiative not only clarifies the regulatory landscape but also encourages companies to adopt transparent and credible carbon offsetting strategies as part of their broader environmental, social, and governance (ESG) responsibilities. Key recommendations emphasize the importance of integrating carbon credits with direct emissions reductions, ensuring alignment with national climate goals, and fostering robust verification methods to maintain market integrity. The guidelines outline several practical steps for businesses, including: Prioritizing internal emission cuts before turning to carbon credit solutions. Ensuring carbon credits are sourced from recognized and certified projects both locally and internationally. Transparent disclosure of carbon credit transactions in sustainability reporting. Regular engagement with government bodies to stay updated on evolving policies. Key Aspect Guidance Emission Reduction Priority Direct cuts before offsets Credit Quality Verified & certified sources Transparency Full public disclosure Regulatory Alignment Compliance with national targets Guidance Emphasizes Transparency and Integrity in Voluntary Carbon Markets The newly released guidance from Singapore’s regulatory authorities sets a rigorous framework to uphold transparency and integrity within the voluntary carbon markets. Organizations participating in these markets are encouraged to maintain detailed documentation and ensure clear, verifiable reporting of carbon credit transactions. This approach aims to prevent double counting and guarantee that each carbon offset represents an actual, additional reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. By enforcing robust transparency measures, the guidance bolsters stakeholder confidence and promotes accountability among market participants. Key principles emphasized in the guidance include: Comprehensive disclosure of carbon credit sources and project eligibility Independent verification by accredited third parties Clear demonstration of how credits align with national and international climate commitments Requirement Purpose Transparent Reporting Enhance market trust through detailed credit tracing Third-Party Verification Ensure accuracy and legitimacy of emission reductions Alignment with Climate Targets Support national decarbonization commitments Recommendations Focus on Aligning Carbon Credit Use with National Emission Reduction Targets Singapore’s latest guidance emphasizes the critical importance of ensuring that the deployment of carbon credits directly supports the country’s overarching climate objectives. Stakeholders are encouraged to prioritize credits that are verifiably linked to national emission reduction commitments, thereby enhancing transparency and accountability in carbon market activities. By aligning carbon credit usage with these targets, organizations can avoid potential risks of over-reliance on offsetting and ensure genuine, measurable environmental impact. The recommendations further outline key best practices to streamline integration of carbon credits within corporate decarbonization strategies: Prioritize credits from projects that contribute to Singapore’s nationally determined contributions (NDCs), reducing the risk of double counting emissions reductions. Implement robust tracking mechanisms to monitor credit retirement and avoid overlap with other climate actions. Ensure transparency in reporting through standardized disclosures aligned with international ESG frameworks. Recommendation Impact on Emission Goals Implementation Priority Link Credits to National Targets High Immediate Use Transparent Reporting Medium Short-term Enhance Credit Tracking High Medium-term To Conclude As Singapore advances its commitment to sustainable development, the newly released guidance on the use of carbon credits marks a significant step toward transparent and effective decarbonization efforts. By providing clear frameworks for corporations and stakeholders, the government aims to bolster confidence in carbon markets while accelerating progress toward national and global climate targets. As the ESG landscape continues to evolve, Singapore’s approach may well serve as a model for other nations seeking to balance economic growth with environmental responsibility. June 30, 2025 Nepal Hosts Urgent Climate Summit Amid Rapid Melting of Himalayan Glaciers KATHMANDU – Nepal has convened an international environmental conference this week amid growing concerns over the accelerated melting of Himalayan glaciers, a phenomenon threatening the region’s water security and ecological balance. The summit brings together scientists, policymakers, and activists to address urgent climate challenges facing the fragile mountain ecosystem, which serves as the water source for millions across South Asia. As glaciers recede at unprecedented rates, Nepal positions itself at the forefront of global efforts to mitigate climate change impacts and promote sustainable environmental practices. Nepal Convenes Global Summit to Address Accelerating Himalayan Glacier Melt The international conference attracted climate scientists, policymakers, and environmental activists from over 40 countries, all converging in Kathmandu to confront the alarming rate at which the Himalayan glaciers are disappearing. Experts presented the latest research data highlighting unprecedented temperature rises in the region, accelerated glacier retreat, and its cascading effects on water supply for millions across South Asia. Attendees emphasized urgent cooperation to implement sustainable water management strategies and reduce carbon emissions globally. Key focus areas discussed during the summit included: Strengthening cross-border climate policies to protect glacier ecosystems Enhancing monitoring technologies such as remote sensing and AI-based predictive models Supporting vulnerable mountain communities through adaptive infrastructure Promoting alternative water sources to mitigate dwindling glacier-fed rivers Parameter Change Since 2000 Projected by 2050 Glacier surface area -15% -40% Average regional temperature +1.2°C +2.8°C Annual water flow from glaciers -10% -30% Experts Highlight Urgent Climate Risks and Impact on Regional Water Security Leading scientists and policymakers gathered to issue a stark warning on the accelerating risks posed by climate change to water security across South Asia. Melting Himalayan glaciers, which serve as the primary water source for millions, are retreating at unprecedented rates. This glacier melt threatens the consistency of river flows, with experts emphasizing that shifts in precipitation patterns could lead to severe droughts followed by devastating floods. The conference underscored how these climatic disruptions put agricultural productivity, hydropower generation, and drinking water availability under immense pressure, posing multifaceted challenges for the region’s socioeconomic stability. Discussions highlighted the pressing need for coordinated efforts focusing on climate adaptation strategies, early warning systems, and sustainable water management practices. Key recommendations from the forum included: Investing in resilient infrastructure to withstand extreme weather events; Enhancing transboundary cooperation among Himalayan nations for shared water resources; Promoting community-based approaches to conserve water and mitigate risks. Risk Factor Projected Impact Glacier Retreat Up to 50% loss by 2100 River Flow Variability Increased flood and drought events Agricultural Yield Decline by 25-40% Calls for Coordinated Action Emphasize Sustainable Practices and Enhanced Monitoring Systems Delegates at the conference underscored the urgency of implementing sustainable environmental practices to combat the rapid melting of Himalayan glaciers. The need for regional cooperation was stressed, with experts highlighting that isolated efforts are insufficient to address the transboundary impact on water resources and local communities. Key proposals included: Integrated watershed management to preserve glacial-fed rivers Community-based conservation programs empowering indigenous populations Promotion of clean energy alternatives to reduce carbon footprints Strengthening legal frameworks for environmental protection In addition to on-ground practices, the conference called for the establishment of advanced monitoring systems to track glacier health in real-time. It was agreed that leveraging satellite technology, drone surveillance, and data-sharing platforms would enable timely interventions and policy adjustments. The table below summarizes the proposed monitoring tools and their potential impact: Monitoring Tool Function Expected Outcome Satellite Imaging Tracking glacier size changes Early detection of critical melting Drone Surveillance Assessing terrain and glacial movement Improved local risk assessment Data Sharing Platforms Facilitating cross-border collaboration Coordinated response strategies To Conclude As the Himalayan glaciers continue to melt at an unprecedented rate, Nepal’s hosting of this environmental conference underscores the urgent need for regional cooperation and global action. With climate change threatening not only the mountain ecosystems but also the livelihoods of millions dependent on their waters, the conference serves as a critical platform for dialogue and commitment. The outcomes here in Kathmandu may prove pivotal in shaping policies aimed at preserving one of the planet’s most vital natural resources. June 20, 2025 Qatar’s Bold Environmental Initiatives Yield Impressive Global Impact Doha, Qatar – Qatar’s commitment to environmental sustainability is gaining international recognition as its comprehensive green initiatives yield tangible results. From ambitious renewable energy projects to pioneering conservation programs, the Gulf nation is making significant strides in addressing climate change and promoting ecological balance. This article explores how Qatar’s strategic investments and policy measures are positioning it as a leading environmental advocate on the global stage. Qatar’s Renewable Energy Initiatives Drive Regional Sustainability Qatar has accelerated its commitment to sustainable development through an ambitious portfolio of renewable energy projects, positioning itself as a regional leader in clean energy adoption. The country’s strategic investments include large-scale solar power plants and cutting-edge research hubs that foster innovation in green technology. These initiatives not only reduce reliance on fossil fuels but also align with Qatar National Vision 2030’s goal to diversify the economy and promote environmental stewardship. Key aspects of Qatar’s renewable agenda include: Solar Energy Expansion: Deployment of photovoltaic systems across urban and industrial zones. Green Hydrogen Development: Collaborations with international stakeholders to pioneer hydrogen fuel usage. Energy Efficiency Programs: Nationwide efforts encouraging sustainable building practices and smart grid technologies. Initiative Capacity/Scope Impact Al Kharsaah Solar Power Plant 800 MW Supplies clean electricity to 20,000 homes Green Hydrogen Pilot 100 MW Supports emission reduction in transport sector National Energy Efficiency Program Countrywide Reduces annual CO2 emissions by 1.5 million tons Innovative Water Conservation Projects Set New Environmental Standards Qatar has taken a bold leap forward in sustainable development with the launch of groundbreaking water conservation projects that are transforming the nation’s environmental landscape. These initiatives focus on harnessing advanced technology and community engagement to tackle water scarcity and promote efficient resource management. Among the standout efforts are solar-powered desalination plants and smart irrigation systems, which not only minimize water wastage but also significantly reduce carbon emissions. Key features of these projects include: Automated water monitoring: Sensors track real-time consumption to optimize usage. Rainwater harvesting: Urban infrastructure adapted to capture and reuse rainfall. Public awareness campaigns: Educating citizens on sustainable practices. Project Capacity Impact Solar Desalination Plant 100,000 m³/day Reduces fossil fuel usage by 40% Smart Irrigation Networks Citywide application Water savings up to 30% Community Rainwater Systems 50,000 m³/year Supports green zones in urban areas Strengthening International Partnerships to Combat Climate Change Qatar has actively expanded its network of international alliances to accelerate climate action, bolstering both regional stability and global environmental progress. By partnering with key nations and global organizations, it has secured critical funding for renewable energy initiatives, strengthened research collaboration, and promoted technology transfer aimed at reducing carbon footprints. These efforts include collaborative projects focusing on solar energy, carbon capture, and sustainable water management, reflecting Qatar’s commitment to leading through cooperation rather than isolation. Key focus areas driving this global cooperation include: Joint research and innovation on clean energy solutions Shared climate policy frameworks and adaptation strategies Capacity building for climate resilience in vulnerable communities Investment in cross-border infrastructure for environmental monitoring Partner Region Collaborative Initiative Impact Area Europe Green Hydrogen Development Energy Transition Asia Desertification Mitigation Programs Ecosystem Preservation Africa Renewable Water Systems Resource Sustainability Americas Carbon Market Mechanisms Emission Reduction Future Outlook As Qatar continues to advance its commitment to sustainable development, the tangible results of its environmental initiatives underscore the nation’s growing role on the global stage. With strategic investments and collaborative projects, Qatar’s efforts not only contribute to regional ecological preservation but also set a benchmark for responsible growth in the Gulf and beyond. Moving forward, sustained dedication and innovation will be key as the country strives to balance economic progress with environmental stewardship, reinforcing its position as a proactive leader in global environmental diplomacy. June 19, 2025 JPMorgan Appoints Genevieve Ding to Drive Sustainability Initiatives Across Asia Pacific JPMorgan Chase has appointed Genevieve Ding, formerly of Amazon, as its new head of sustainability for the Asia Pacific region. This strategic hire underscores the bank’s commitment to advancing environmental, social, and governance (ESG) initiatives across one of its fastest-growing markets. With extensive experience in driving sustainable business practices at a global tech giant, Ding is expected to play a pivotal role in shaping JPMorgan’s regional efforts to address climate risks and promote green finance solutions. JPMorgan Secures Amazon’s Genevieve Ding to Accelerate Sustainability Efforts in Asia Pacific JPMorgan has brought on board Genevieve Ding, previously a key sustainability executive at Amazon, to spearhead its environmental, social, and governance (ESG) strategies across the Asia Pacific region. Ding’s appointment underscores the bank’s intensifying focus on sustainable finance and climate risk mitigation as it seeks to align with global net-zero ambitions. Her extensive experience in driving corporate sustainability initiatives equips JPMorgan with the expertise needed to navigate regulatory complexities and foster collaborations with governments and private sectors throughout the region. Under Ding’s leadership, JPMorgan plans to accelerate: Green financing solutions tailored to emerging markets Investment in renewable energy projects across diverse industries Engagement with local stakeholders to enhance transparency and impact reporting This move is part of a broader trend among financial institutions intensifying their sustainability commitments, emphasizing the pivotal role of innovative leadership in achieving ambitious climate goals. JPMorgan anticipates that Ding’s proven track record in leveraging technology and data-driven sustainability frameworks will be instrumental in cementing the firm’s position as a leading force for sustainable development in Asia Pacific. Strategic Focus on Green Finance and ESG Integration Under New Leadership JPMorgan’s appointment of Genevieve Ding, previously a key figure at Amazon, signals a robust commitment to advancing green finance and embedding ESG principles across its Asia Pacific operations. Under her leadership, the bank aims to accelerate its sustainable investment strategies, incorporating innovative approaches to climate risk assessment and responsible financing. This shift is expected to enhance JPMorgan’s ability to support environmentally-friendly projects while meeting the growing demand from investors and regulators for transparency and accountability in ESG reporting. Key focal areas under Ding’s guidance will include: Deepening ESG integration into core banking products and client advisory services. Scaling green bond issuance and sustainable lending initiatives tailored to regional priorities. Advancing data-driven sustainability metrics to evaluate environmental impact more accurately. Strengthening partnerships with government bodies and industry stakeholders to promote climate-aligned growth. Sustainability Pillar Focus Area Green Finance Accelerated green bond programs, low-carbon project funding ESG Data Analytics Enhanced risk modeling, transparent impact metrics Stakeholder Engagement Collaborations with regulators, NGOs, and clients Experts Recommend Enhanced Regional Collaboration to Drive Sustainable Investment Initiatives Leaders in finance and sustainability sectors are increasingly emphasizing the importance of cross-border cooperation to unlock the full potential of sustainable investment in the Asia Pacific region. The appointment of Genevieve Ding, a seasoned sustainability strategist formerly at Amazon, to spearhead JPMorgan’s sustainability initiatives in this crucial market underscores the drive towards integrated regional frameworks. Industry experts argue that aligning policies, standards, and reporting mechanisms across countries can significantly reduce barriers and enhance transparency for investors, facilitating a more cohesive approach to green finance. According to recent analyses, successful regional collaboration can accelerate innovation and scale impact by leveraging local expertise while attracting international capital. These successes often hinge on shared commitments, clear communication channels, and harmonized regulatory environments. The table below illustrated key collaborative benefits identified by experts: Benefit Impact Unified Standards Improved comparability for sustainable investments Data Sharing Platforms Enhanced risk assessment and monitoring Joint Financing Models Increased scale and reduced costs for projects Policy Alignment Streamlined regulatory approval processes Amplified investor confidence due to predictable regulatory environments Broader impact scope through combined regional resources Faster market adaptation with shared insights and innovation To Conclude With Genevieve Ding’s appointment as head of Asia Pacific sustainability, JPMorgan signals a strengthened commitment to advancing environmental initiatives across the region. Drawing on her extensive experience at Amazon, Ding is set to play a pivotal role in shaping the bank’s sustainable finance strategies amid growing demands for corporate responsibility. As the financial sector increasingly integrates environmental considerations into its core operations, industry observers will be watching closely how JPMorgan leverages Ding’s expertise to drive its Asia Pacific sustainability agenda forward. June 13, 2025 Combating Plastic Pollution to Protect Our Children’s Health and Future As the world grapples with mounting environmental challenges, plastic pollution has emerged as a critical threat to the health and well-being of the next generation. UNICEF, the leading global organization for children’s rights and welfare, is sounding the alarm on the urgent need to tackle plastic waste to secure a healthier future for every child. In this article, we explore how plastic pollution endangers children’s health worldwide and highlight UNICEF’s initiatives aimed at combating this pervasive problem before it’s too late. The Impact of Plastic Pollution on Child Health and Development The infiltration of plastic pollution into everyday environments poses severe risks to children’s health, particularly in vulnerable communities. Microplastics, often found in the air, soil, and water, can be ingested or inhaled by children, leading to respiratory issues, developmental delays, and immune system disruptions. Research increasingly links plastic-related chemicals such as phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) to hormonal imbalances that affect brain development and increase the likelihood of chronic diseases later in life. These invisible threats compound existing health disparities, making it imperative to address plastic pollution as a critical child welfare issue. Beyond health impacts, plastic pollution hampers essential developmental opportunities. Contaminated play areas limit children’s physical activity, social interactions, and cognitive growth. The burden is disproportionately heavy on low-income families, who often live near plastic waste sites with elevated exposure risks. The following table highlights key health concerns tied to plastic pollution exposure in children: Health Issue Potential Cause Long-term Effect Respiratory Problems Inhalation of microplastics Asthma, chronic bronchitis Neurological Disorders Exposure to endocrine disruptors Cognitive delays, behavioral issues Immune System Weakness Chemical contaminants in plastics Increased infection vulnerability Urgent mitigation of plastic waste is essential to safeguard child health worldwide. Community-based efforts are key to reducing exposure near residential spaces. Policy reforms must prioritize safe material alternatives and waste management. Community-Led Solutions Driving Change in Plastic Waste Management Communities around the world are pioneering innovative approaches to tackle plastic pollution head-on, proving that local action can spark global transformation. From village cooperatives setting up waste collection points to youth-led clean-up campaigns, these grassroots initiatives empower residents to take ownership of their environment. By integrating traditional knowledge with modern recycling techniques, communities are creating sustainable systems that reduce plastic leakage into waterways and promote circular economy principles. This hands-on involvement not only curbs pollution but also fosters social cohesion and generates economic opportunities, particularly for marginalized groups. Key community strategies include: Establishing localized sorting and recycling hubs Organizing educational workshops targeting schools and families Collaborating with local governments to enforce plastic reduction policies Promoting alternatives such as reusable packaging and biodegradable materials Community Action Impact Regions Waste Segregation Drives Reduced landfill waste by 35% South Asia, Africa Youth Environmental Clubs Raised awareness among 10,000+ children Latin America, Southeast Asia Plastic Buy-Back Programs Incentivized recycling, created jobs Sub-Saharan Africa, Pacific Islands Policy Innovations and Global Partnerships Supporting Plastic Reduction Efforts Governments and international organizations worldwide are pioneering bold policy reforms aimed at curbing plastic waste and safeguarding children’s health. These initiatives emphasize extended producer responsibility (EPR), incentivizing companies to innovate sustainable packaging while ensuring accountability throughout the product lifecycle. Furthermore, many nations have introduced bans or restrictions on single-use plastics, coupled with improved waste management infrastructures, to reduce environmental contamination and exposure to toxic pollutants. Such policies not only protect ecosystems but also mitigate health risks that disproportionately impact vulnerable youth populations. Cross-border agreements foster collaboration on marine plastic cleanup and monitoring. Funding mechanisms support local communities and schools with education and recycling programs. Public-private partnerships accelerate development of biodegradable alternatives and circular economy models. Region Key Initiative Impact Indicator Europe Plastic Packaging Tax 25% reduction in plastic use (2023) Africa Community Recycling Hubs 10,000+ children educated Asia-Pacific Ocean Cleanup Coalitions 5 million tons of plastic removed Concluding Remarks As the global community grapples with the mounting crisis of plastic pollution, UNICEF’s call to action underscores a critical truth: the health and well-being of future generations depend on the steps we take today. Protecting children from the harmful impacts of plastic waste is not only an environmental imperative but a fundamental human rights issue. By embracing sustainable practices, supporting innovative solutions, and advocating for stronger policies, we can pave the way toward a cleaner, safer planet-one where every child has the opportunity to grow up healthy and thrive. The fight against plastic pollution is far from over, but with concerted effort and global commitment, a healthier future for every child is within reach. June 9, 2025 World Environment Day: How the Climate Crisis is Devastating Afghanistan World Environment Day 2024 casts a stark spotlight on Afghanistan, a nation grappling with the severe consequences of the escalating climate crisis. As temperatures rise and weather patterns grow increasingly erratic, Afghanistan faces devastating impacts on its agriculture, water resources, and vulnerable communities. This Hasht-e Subh Daily report delves into how climate change is intensifying the country’s environmental challenges, threatening livelihoods and underscoring the urgent need for comprehensive action both domestically and internationally. World Environment Day Highlights Afghanistan’s Growing Climate Challenges Afghanistan continues to grapple with the escalating impacts of climate change, as extreme weather events disrupt the livelihoods of millions across the country. Recent reports indicate a sharp increase in drought frequency, unseasonal floods, and prolonged heatwaves, which have taken a heavy toll on agriculture, water resources, and rural communities. The fragile ecosystem, already stressed by decades of conflict, is now further vulnerable to environmental degradation and resource scarcity, raising alarms among policymakers and humanitarian organizations alike. Experts attribute these accelerating challenges to a combination of geographic vulnerability and inadequate infrastructure, emphasizing the urgent need for adaptive measures. Key climate-related issues currently facing Afghanistan include: Water scarcity: Depletion of natural water reserves threatening food security. Soil erosion: Loss of arable land amid erratic rainfall patterns. Glacial melt: Accelerated retreat of mountain glaciers impacting river flows. Urban heat islands: Rising temperatures in densely populated areas. Climate Impact Regions Most Affected Population at Risk (Millions) Droughts Hirat, Kandahar, Helmand 7.5 Floods Badakhshan, Nangarhar 2.3 Heatwaves Kabul, Jalalabad 4.1 Rising Temperatures and Water Scarcity Threaten Afghan Agriculture and Livelihoods Afghanistan’s agricultural sector, the backbone of its economy and the main source of livelihood for over 60% of its population, is facing unprecedented challenges due to soaring temperatures and worsening water scarcity. Prolonged droughts have become more frequent, severely reducing water availability for crops and livestock, while glacial melt in the Hindu Kush mountains disrupts the natural river flow. Farmers report lower yields and increasing crop failures, which have triggered food insecurity and aggravated poverty in rural areas already strained by conflict and displacement. Key climate impacts affecting Afghan agriculture include: Decline in surface and groundwater levels Shifts in planting seasons and crop viability Increased soil degradation and desertification Region Average Temperature Rise (°C) Water Availability Decline (%) Crop Yield Reduction (%) Kandahar 2.3 40 35 Herat 2.1 37 30 Bamyan 1.8 25 20 Badakhshan 1.9 30 28 Experts warn that without urgent adaptive strategies and increased investment in water management and climate-resilient farming techniques, millions of Afghans could face worsening economic hardship. The interplay of environmental stressors and limited infrastructure leaves rural communities vulnerable to food shortages and migration pressures, highlighting the critical need for coordinated efforts between national authorities, international partners, and local farmers. Urgent Policy Reforms and Community Engagement Crucial for Climate Resilience in Afghanistan Afghanistan’s vulnerability to climate change has reached a critical tipping point, demanding immediate and comprehensive reforms in national policies. Without urgent action, rising temperatures, erratic rainfall patterns, and increasing droughts threaten not only the environment but also livelihoods and food security for millions. Experts argue that existing frameworks lack the adaptability and enforcement mechanisms needed to tackle the multifaceted climate challenges. Strengthening legislation on sustainable water management, renewable energy adoption, and forest conservation has become imperative to enhance resilience at both local and national levels. In parallel, the role of community engagement is paramount. Empowering local populations through education and participatory decision-making processes ensures that climate policies are grounded in reality and respond directly to vulnerable groups’ needs. Grassroots initiatives focusing on soil preservation, reforestation, and smart agriculture practices have demonstrated promising results but require more institutional support. Below is a breakdown of key areas where collaborative efforts can drive meaningful change: Water Resource Management: Community-led water conservation projects to counteract scarcity. Renewable Energy: Incentives for solar and wind energy installations in rural areas. Climate Education: Programs aimed at increasing awareness among youth and farmers. Disaster Preparedness: Local training on early warning systems and emergency response. Area Community Role Policy Need Water Security Rainwater harvesting, irrigation management Regulations promoting sustainable usage Forestry Reforestation, anti-logging patrols Protection of natural reserves Agriculture Climate-smart seeds, soil conservation Subsidies for sustainable farming Final Thoughts As Afghanistan grapples with the intensifying effects of the climate crisis, the observations made on World Environment Day underscore the urgent need for both national resilience and international support. With droughts, floods, and extreme weather events increasingly threatening livelihoods and stability, experts and citizens alike call for comprehensive strategies to address environmental degradation. Moving forward, Afghanistan’s path to sustainability will depend not only on immediate humanitarian aid but also on long-term commitments to climate adaptation and mitigation. The world’s attention on this critical issue remains essential as Afghanistan faces the daunting challenges ahead. June 5, 2025 Turkmenistan Launches Groundbreaking Eco-Friendly Stone Paper Production! Turkmenistan’s Innovative Stone Paper Production: A Sustainable Breakthrough In a notable stride towards environmental sustainability, Turkmenistan has launched its first facility dedicated to the production of eco-friendly stone paper. This initiative marks a crucial step in the nation’s ongoing efforts to reduce plastic waste and promote greener alternatives. The factory, which commenced operations this week, utilizes cutting-edge technology to produce stone paper—a durable and recyclable material made primarily from crushed limestone without any plastic content. This venture positions Turkmenistan as a frontrunner in sustainable manufacturing within Central Asia and underscores its commitment to ecological responsibility amidst growing global environmental challenges. A New Era of Sustainable Manufacturing in Turkmenistan with Stone Paper This pioneering project represents a substantial advancement towards ecological accountability by emphasizing stone paper production—an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional wood-based paper products. Composed mainly of calcium carbonate mixed with non-toxic resins, this innovative material requires significantly less water and energy during its manufacturing process, leading to a marked reduction in the country’s overall environmental footprint. The initiative aligns perfectly with Turkmenistan’s dedication to green technologies and principles of circular economy, demonstrating its commitment toward sustainable industrial growth. The benefits associated with stone paper make it an appealing option for both consumers and businesses: No Water Consumption: Wholly eliminates water usage during production. Tear Resistance: Offers superior durability compared to conventional paper products. Recyclability: Can be recycled using standard methods, further minimizing environmental impact. Lesser Carbon Footprint: Producing this material results in significantly reduced greenhouse gas emissions. //

    < td >Water Consumption per Ton

    < td >>Energy Use

    < td CO₂ Emissions

    Production Metric< / th >	Traditional Paper< / th >	Stone Paper< / th >
    < td >>20 ,000 liters	< td >>4 ,000 liters	< tr />
    < td >>1 ,500 kWh	< td >>900 kWh	< tr />
    Advocacy for Increased Adoption of Stone Paper To Safeguard Local Ecosystems < strong > No Tree Cutting:< span style = " color:#008000;" >(Preservation native forests biodiversity)< span style = "/span>” <span style="color:#008000;"></span>></span>></span>>< b ></span>> (Lower carbon footprint): Reduced greenhouse gas emissions during production.   (Water conservation): Minimal water usage compared  to wood pulp processing.(Durability): Longer-lasting materials suited  for archival everyday uses. A Concluding Note on Sustainability Initiatives In Turkmenistan As Turkeminstan embarks upon producing eco-friendly stones papers ;this initiative marks significant progress toward achieving more sustainable industrial practices across region . By decreasing reliance upon traditional woods pulps whilst minimizing overall impacts ;this new line not only aligns itself globally trending green initiatives but also positions turkeminstan forward-thinking player within eco-conscious manufacturing landscape moving forward into future months will reveal how growth influences domestic markets broader central asian environments landscapes. May 26, 2025